Блог Анкара

In This Chapter

^ Working with denominations and number of coins

^ Figuring out the total amount of money in coins or bills

^ Working with money from around the world

Oney is a common denominator. We deal with money just about every day — from the spending end, the earning end, or both. Counting coins is one of the earliest number exercises for a small child. And collecting coins is a passion of many historians and numismatists.

This chapter deals with computing totals of money and figuring out the number of coins from the totals. You even get a short primer on monetary units from several different countries and see how the basic properties are the same for just about any monetary system.

Determining the Total Count

Counting up the coins in your pocket or from your piggy bank involves more than just knowing that you have 80 coins. The number of coins doesn’t tell you how much money you have. You usually have different denominations, so you need to count each type of coin differently. Each type of coin gets multiplied by its monetary value.

Equating different money amounts

Each country has its own monetary system with its set of coins and other currency. Often, the money is imprinted with pictures of historic figures and places. In the United States, for example, each state is honored (or soon will

Be) with its own quarter. What is similar to the coinage of different countries is that different coins take on different values. In the United States, it takes more nickels to make a dollar than it does quarters, but it sure feels like you have more money when you have a dollar’s worth of nickels rather than a dollar’s worth of quarters.

The Problem: You want to change your $5 bill into nickels or quarters. How many nickels and how many quarters are needed to equal $5?

£,?LAiV A nickel is worth 5<t, and a quarter is worth 25<t. Five dollars is equal to 500<t. To determine the number of nickels in $5, divide 500<t by 5<t: 500 5 = 100 nickels. The number of quarters is determined by dividing 500 cents by 25 cents: 500 ■ 25 = 20 quarters.

The Problem: A roll of quarters from the bank equals $10, a roll of dimes equals $5, a roll of nickels equals $2, and a roll of pennies equals 50<t. How many rolls of dimes is worth the same as 20 rolls of nickels?

«*,VLA/V Sort through the information, first. You only need to know about the dimes and nickels. Determine the total of 20 rolls of nickels. Then figure out how many rolls of dimes you can get for that amount of money. Twenty rolls of nickels is 20 x $2 = $40. Divide 40 by 5: $40 $5 = 8 rolls of dimes.

The Problem: A roll of dimes is worth $5, a roll of nickels is worth $2, and a roll of pennies is worth 50<t. Which is worth more: 10 rolls of nickels, 4 rolls of dimes, or 50 rolls of pennies?

Multiply the number of rolls of nickels by $2, the number of rolls of dimes by $5, and the number of rolls of pennies by half a dollar, or 50<t. (An alternative would be to change the $2 and $5 to cents; in any case, the units all have to be the same to make a comparison.) Doing the calculations: 10 rolls of nickels x $2 = $20; 4 rolls of dimes x $5 = $20; 50 rolls of pennies x $0.50 = $25. The pennies are worth more than the nickels or dimes by $5.

Adding it all up

To find the total amount of money you have in coins or bills, you multiply the number of each by their monetary value and add up all the products for the total.

The Problem: You open up your piggy bank and find 177 pennies, 123 nickels, 59 dimes, 33 quarters, and 5 half-dollars. What is the total amount of money in your piggy bank?

Multiply the number of pennies by 1, nickels by 5, dimes by 10, quarters by 25, and half-dollars by 50. This gives you the number of cents. It’s easier to multiply by whole numbers, at first, and then change to dollars by moving the decimal point two places to the left. Doing the computation:

177 x 1$ = 177$ 123 x 5$ = 615$ 59 x 10$ = 590$ 33 x 25$ = 825$ 5 x 50$ = 250$

The sum of the products is: 177 + 615 + 590 + 825 + 250 = 2,457$. Moving the decimal point two places (or dividing by 100), you get that the total in the piggy bank is $24.57.

The Problem: You are in charge of the concession stand at Friday’s football game. You need to bring enough coins and bills to make change for the purchases of the customers. You’re given a check for $200 to pay for the change and decide to get 50 $1 bills, 20 $5 bills, and the rest of the change in quarters and nickels. Quarters come in rolls worth $10, and nickels come in rolls worth $2. How many rolls of quarters and nickels can you get?

You first determine how much money in coins you’ll be getting after taking care of the $1 bills and $5 bills. Add up the total for the $1 bills and $5 bills. Then subtract the total of the bills from $200. Many different combinations of rolls of quarters and nickels add up to the amount you’ll need in coins. Make a chart, putting the number of rolls of quarters in one column, its worth in the next column, the value remaining in the third column (after spending this much on the quarters), and then the number of rolls of nickels you can buy in the last column.

Ancient coin

An archaeologist claims that he found an all people who use eBay are much too smart for ancient coin dated 46 B. C. He put it on eBay and him. Why didn’t anyone bid on the coin? hoped to sell it for a small fortune. Fortunately,

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Determining the amount in bills: 50 x $1 = $50 and 20 x $5 = $100. The total of $150 leaves $50 in coins ($200 – $150 = $50). In Table 9-1, I filled in the number of rolls of quarters first. Then I computed the value of the quarters, leaving the amount for nickels. Finally, I computed the number of rolls of nickels.

You’ll need no quarters with 25 rolls of nickels, 1 roll of quarters and 20 rolls of nickels, 2 rolls of quarters with 15 rolls of nickels, 3 rolls of quarters and 10 rolls of nickels, 4 rolls of quarters and 5 rolls of nickels, or 5 rolls of quarters with no nickels.

Working Out the Denominations of Coins

If you have enough different kinds of coins, you can create any number of money amounts. Some money amounts are possible with several different combinations of coins. You want to be creative. The standard U. S. coins are used in the problems in this section: penny (1*), nickel (5*), dime (10*), quarter (25*), half-dollar (50*), and dollar (100* or $1).

Having the total and figuring out the coins

Some people like to have lots of coins in their pockets. It gives them a feeling of wealth. Others don’t like to have their pockets bulge too much, so they prefer not to have a lot of extra coins around. There are problems in this section for both types of people — depending on which type you are.

The Problem: Stefanie wants to give each of her children 42*. How can she do this with the least number of coins for each child?

Two strange coins

A Certain Country has just two kinds of coins. One coin is caWed a sevna and is worth 7 units. The other coin is a levna, and it’s worth 11 units. Because of these strange units, some prices can’t be paid for exactiy using these coins.

Residents can pay for items costing 7 units or 14 units or 18 units, and so on. What is the highest priced item that can’t be paid for with any combination of these coins?

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Make a chart of the different denominations of coins and the number of each type of coin that is needed to add up to 42*. The table won’t have to contain 50-cent pieces or dollars, because they’re both worth more than the total needed. See the chart I created in Table 9-2.

I’ll stop here with the table. The numbers aren’t getting any better. It looks like one quarter, one dime, one nickel, and two pennies are the fewest number of coins needed to add up to 42*.

The Problem: How many different ways can you make change for a quarter?

Haul out another chart. As you fill in the different amounts, do this in an organized fashion, using dimes as many ways as you can, nickels as many ways as you can, and so on, just to make it less likely that you’ll miss something. Table 9-3 has just the totals for each coin, not the number of coins.

As you see, you can make change for a quarter in 12 different ways, using standard U. S. coins.

The Problem: How can you have a total of $1.40 using exactly 24 coins?

You can do this problem with a chart — a Big Chart. But another, not-too-glamorous way, is to try to work it out through trial and error and reasoning. For example, you could try using five quarters (the greatest number of quarters possible), leaving 140* – 125* = 15 cents. Even if you used all pennies for the rest of the coins, that’s only a total of 5 + 15 = 20 coins, which isn’t enough, if you’re aiming for 24 coins.

Next, you could try using four quarters, leaving 140 – 100 = 40*. You now need to use 20 more coins to add up to 40*. One dime and 30 pennies is too many coins. Two dimes and 20 pennies is still too many coins. Three dimes and ten pennies is too few coins. Are you ready to go to a chart yet? No, I’m not giving up that easily.

Think about the pennies. If you’re going to use pennies, they have to be a multiple of 5 for the total to come out to an even 140*. You need to use 5, 10, 15, or 20 pennies so that the other coins will add up with them and come out right. Start with 20 pennies (the most you can use without exceeding 24

Coins) and work downward. Using 20 pennies, you now need 4 more coins to add up to $1.20. You can do this in two different ways: a dollar coin plus a dime and two nickels, or two 50-cent pieces plus two dimes. Whew! Two answers! And there are more. For example, 2 quarters plus 8 dimes plus 9 nickels plus 5 pennies are 24 coins that add up to $1.40. Can you find any more? If so, e-mail me at Sterling@bradley. edu, and I’ll post them on my Web site (Http://hilltop. bradley. edu/~sterling/facinfo. html)!

Going with choices of coins and bills

The coins used in the United States have several things in common with the coins used in other countries. The biggest commonality is having 100* in $1. Most countries have monetary systems with 100 of some coin being equal to the main monetary unit.

In the metric system, each unit is ten times or one-tenth of another unit. Not so in our money system. Even with five nickels in a quarter and ten dimes in a dollar, there is still no way to divide a quarter into an equal number of dimes. Our paper currency is a bit more forgiving, but there are still challenges with the dividing and multiplying.

The Problem: How many nickels, dimes, quarters, and half-dollars are equal in value to $5?

Divide 500* (5 x 100*) by the cents value of each of the coins. For nickels, 500* 5* = 100 nickels. With dimes, 500* 10* = 50 dimes. Quarters give you 500* 25* = 20. And half-dollars yield 500* 50* = 10 half-dollars.

The Problem: How many quarters are equivalent to $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, AiASfyy and $100?

Sliding the pennies

Look at the triangle of pennies shown in the figure. Can you reverse the triangle so that it points downward instead of upward — and do it by moving only three pennies?

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^VLA* If you divide $1 by 25*, that’s 100 25 = 4 quarters. Two dollars divided by 25* is 200 25 = 8 quarters. You can do the divisions for the rest of the bills, but an easier way than dividing by 25 is multiplying by 4. Because $1 is equal to 4 quarters, $20 is equal to 20 x 4 = 80 quarters, $50 is equal to 50 x 4 = 20 quarters, and so on.

Figuring Coins from around the World

Most of the countries in the world have coin systems in which one of the coins is worth 100 of another. Other coins are then multiples of that smaller coin — usually 10 times, 20 times, or 50 times. The exceptions are few. The coin names are usually pretty interesting, though, and probably have some historical significance.

Making change in another country

In India, the monetary unit is the rupee. You find banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 rupees. There are also 1-rupee, 2-rupee, and 5-rupee coins. The smaller coins in India are paise. One rupee is equal to 100 paise. The coins that are multiples of the paise are 10-paise coins, 20-paise coins, 25-paise coins, and 50-paise coins.

The Problem: Is there a single coin in India that is equal to: three rupees, one 50-paise coin, three 20-paise coins, three 25-paise coins, and 15 paise? (In other words, if you have all that in your pocket, can you exchange it for a single coin?)

^VLA/rV Determine the total amount of money all these coins are worth. Then look at the equivalence between rupees and paise and see if a coin in the list is equal to the sum. Just concentrate on the paise, at first. When you get a total, you can see if you’ll need to change the rupees to paise or paise to rupees. Multiplying each of the paise coins by how many of each you have: (1 x 50) + (3 x 20) + (3 x 25) + (15 x 1) = 50 + 60 + 75 + 15 = 200 paise. Because 100 paise equals 1 rupee, the 200 paise are worth 2 rupees. Add these two rupees to the three rupees you already have, and you can exchange the five 1-rupee coins for a 5-rupee coin.

The Problem: Some interesting Indian coins are no longer used. In the late 1940s, you got 16 annas for 1 rupee, 4 pice for 1 anna, and 3 pies for 1 pice. How many pies could you get for 12 rupees?

Pushing a coin through paper

Can you push a quarter through a dime-sized in the paper. Now push a quarter through the hole in a piece of paper? Take a dime and trace hole without tearing the paper. How can you do around it on a piece of paper. Then carefully cut this? out along the circle you’ve drawn, leaving a hole

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Multiply the number of rupees by 16 to get the number of annas. Multiply that product by 4 to get the number of pies. Then multiply that product by 3 to get the number of pies.

16 annas 4 pice 3 pies

12 rupees X ^-x ^—^-x Tj——.—

1 rupee 1 anna 1 pice

Iri.,16 annas 4 pice 3 pies = 12 rupees X.^x.^ x, , 1 rupee 1 anna 1 pice

= 12 X 16 X 4 X 3 pies = 2,304 pies

The Problem: In China, the monetary unit is yuan. One yuan is equal to 10 jiao, and 1 jiao is equal to 10 fen. The multiples and powers of ten are at work here, making the computation much easier. What is the fewest number of coins (or paper bills) you need if you have 6,348 fen?

^VLA/rV First determine how many fen in a yuan. Then divide 6,348 by that number to get as many yuan as possible. Next, divide the remainder by 10 to convert them to jiao. The rest will have to be in fen, and there should be fewer than 10 fen. If there are 10 fen in 1 jiao and 10 jiao in 1 yuan, then there are 10 X 10 fen in 1 yuan. Divide 6,348 by 100 to get 63 yuan with a remainder of 48. Divide 48 by 10 to get 4 jiao with 8 left over. 63 yuan + 4 jiao + 8 fen is equal to 75 coins or bills.

Converting other currency to U. S. dollars

A common challenge for people traveling in foreign countries is converting their money to the currency of that country and back again. If you’re unfamiliar with a particular monetary unit, you need to get acquainted with the relative

Value (relative to your money) so that you know what the worth is of what you’re buying. The exchange rates change daily, so the problems in this section use approximate values to give you an idea of the different conversions.

The Problem: If one U. S. dollar is equal to 8.28 Chinese yuan, then what is the approximate cost, in dollars, of a silk robe that’s selling for 3,000 yuan?

The biggest challenge to doing these problems is in deciding whether to multiply or divide — and by what. A good approach to doing money conversions is to use proportions. Chapter 7 goes into more detail on the properties of proportions. In the case of dollars and yuans, write a fraction with $1 divided by 8.28 yuan. Then set that fraction equal to X Dollars divided by 3,000 yuan. Note that the dollars are opposite dollars, in the numerator, and the yuans are opposite yuans in the denominator.

1 dollar

X Dollars

8.28 yuan 3,000 yuan Now cross-multiply and solve for X.

3000 = 8.28X 3000 828x

8.28

362.3188

8-28

X

The silk robe costs about $362.

VLAiV

The Problem: In Vietnam, the monetary unit is the dong. One dong is equal to 10 hao, and 1 hao is equal to 10 xu. About 15,300 dong are equivalent to $1. You have been traveling in Vietnam and have spent the day with a wonderful tour guide. You want to tip him accordingly and figure that an extra $40 (American) will do that to your satisfaction. How many dong will you add to the bill for his tip?

Set up a proportion with dong and dollars. Solve for the needed number of dong.

1 dollar 40 dollars

——- =—

15,300 dong X Dong X = 15,300 X 40 = 612,000

You will be tipping your guide 612,000 dong.

Chapter 10

Pp

Q. Both sigma bonds and pi bonds have a kind of symmetry with respect to the two atoms in the bond. What is the difference in a sigma bond’s symmetry versus a pi bond’s symmetry?

A. In any bond between two atoms, you can imagine an imaginary line (the bond axis) that connects the center of one atom to the center of the other atom. Sigma bonds are perfectly symmetrical around this line; you can imagine the sigma bond as a kind of tube that wraps around the bond axis. If you were to rotate the bonded atoms around the imaginary line,

The bond would look the same all the way around. Pi bonds are symmetric to the bond axis In only one plane. You can imagine the two atoms pressed onto a flat surface; the bond axis is the imaginary line on this surface. The pi bonds connect the two atoms above the line and below the line. If you were to rotate the bonded atoms around the imaginary line, the pi bonds would rise up off the surface and sink below the surface as you rotated them, like the planks on a paddlewheel rise above the surface of the water and then sink below the surface of the water.

+

—

A

+

_

7. Draw a molecular orbital diagram for the hypothetical molecule, dihelium.

Solve It

8. Based on the molecular orbital diagram of dihelium, explain why dihelium is far less likely to exist than dihydrogen.

Solve It

9. Double bonds involve one sigma bond and one pi bond. A simple molecule that contains a double bond is ethene, H2C=CH2. Ethene reacts with water to form ethanol:

H2C=CH2 + H2O — H3C-COH

This reaction is favorable, meaning that it progresses on its own, without any input of energy. Why might this be the case?

Solve It

Tugging on Electrons within Bonds: Polarity

The earlier sections on ionic bonding and covalent bonding refer to the concept of electronegativity, or the tendency of an atom to draw electrons toward itself. Ionic bonds form

Between atoms with large differences in electronegativity, whereas covalent bonds form between atoms with smaller differences in electronegativity. In truth, there is no natural distinction between the two types of bonds; they lie on opposite sides of a spectrum of Polarity, Or unevenness in the distribution of electrons within a bond.

The greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms, the more polar is the bond that forms between them. Imagine the electrons in the bond as being spread out into a cloud within the molecular orbital. In polar bonds, the cloud is denser in the vicinity of the more electronegative atom. In nonpolar bonds, like those formed between atoms of the same element, the cloud is evenly distributed between both atoms. Polar bonds have more ionic character, whereas nonpolar bonds have more covalent character. Here’s how to distinguish the character of a bond:

Usually, a difference in electronegativity less than about 0.3 means that the corresponding covalent bond is considered nonpolar.

Differences in electronegativity ranging from 0.3 to about 1.7 correspond to increasingly polar covalent bonds.

Above about 1.7, the bond is increasingly considered ionic.

The electronegativities of the elements are displayed in Figure 5-10 and help make clear why atoms that lie horizontally farther from each other on the periodic table tend to form more polar bonds.

Differences in the electronegativity of atoms create polarity in bonds between those atoms. The polar bonds within a molecule add to create polarity in the molecule as a whole. The precise way in which the individual bonds contribute to the overall polarity of the molecule depends on the shape of the molecule.

If two very polar bonds point in opposite directions, their polarities cancel out.

If the two polar bonds point in the same direction, their polarities add.

If the two polar bonds point at each other so they’re diagonal to one another, their polarities cancel in one direction but add in a perpendicular direction.

Because electrons are distributed unevenly within a polar covalent bond, the more electronegative atom takes on a partial negative charge, signified by the symbol 8-. The less electronegative atom takes on a partial positive charge, 8+. This difference in charge along the axis of the bond is called a Dipole. Individual bonds have dipoles, which sum over all the bonds of a molecule (taking geometry into account) to create a Molecular dipole. In addition to the permanent dipoles created by polar bonds, instantaneous dipoles can be temporarily created within nonpolar bonds and molecules. Both kinds of dipoles play important roles in the interactions between molecules. Permanent dipoles lead to dipole-dipole interactions and to hydrogen bonds. Instantaneous dipoles lead to attractive London forces (flip to Chapters 10 and 12 for details on how these kinds of forces affect molecules in solutions).

Figure 5-10:

Electronegativities of the elements.

CD Ll_

10 ^ C\J

) CO

00(0 ^

In a perfectly nonpolar covalent bond with another hydrogen atom in the molecule H2. Likewise, fluorine engages in a nonpo-lar bond with another fluorine atom in F2. On the other hand, the bond between hydrogen and fluorine in the compound HF is very polar. The polarity of a bond depends on the difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.

Shaping Molecules: VSEPR Theory and Hybridization

We’ll start with the hard part: VSEPR stands for Valence shell electron pair repulsion. Okay, now it gets easier. VSEPR is simply a model that helps predict and explain why molecules have the shapes they do. Molecule shapes help determine how molecules interact with each other. For example, molecules that stack nicely on one another are more likely to form solids. And two molecules that can fit together so their reactive bits lie closer together in space are more likely to react with one another.

Q. Why doesn’t it make sense to ask

Whether an element (like hydrogen or fluorine) engages in polar bonds versus nonpolar bonds?

A. Whether an element engages in polar or nonpolar bonds can only be answered with respect to specific bonds with other elements. For example, hydrogen engages

4^

The basic principle underlying VSEPR theory is that valence electron pairs, whether they are lone pairs or occur within bonds, prefer to be as far from one another as possible. There’s no sense in crowding negative charges any more than necessary.

Of course, when multiple pairs of electrons participate in double or triple covalent bonds, those electrons stay within the same bonding axis. Lone pairs repel other lone pairs more strongly than they repel bonding pairs, and the weakest repulsion is between two pairs of bonding electrons. Two lone pairs separate themselves as far apart as they can go, on exact opposite sides of an atom if possible. Electrons involved in bonds also separate themselves as far apart as they can go, but with less force than two lone pairs. In general, all electron pairs try to maintain the maximum mutual separation. But when an atom is bonded to many other atoms, the "ideal" of maximum separation isn’t always possible because bulky groups bump into one another. So, the final shape of a molecule emerges from a kind of negotiation between competing interests.

VSEPR theory predicts several shapes that appear over and over in real-life molecules. These shapes are summarized in Figure 5-11.

Consider one beautifully symmetrical shape predicted by VSEPR theory: the tetrahedron. Four equivalent pairs of electrons in the valence shell of an atom should distribute themselves into such a shape, with equal angles and equal distance between each pair. But what sort of atom has four Equivalent Electron pairs in its valence shell? Aren’t valence electrons distributed between different kinds of orbitals, like S And P Orbitals?

In order for VSEPR theory to make sense, it must be combined with another idea: Hybridization. Hybridization refers to the mixing of atomic orbitals into new, hybrid orbitals. Electron pairs occupy equivalent hybrid orbitals. It’s important to realize that the hybrid orbitals are all equivalent, because that helps you understand the shapes that emerge from the electron pairs trying to distance themselves from one another. If electrons in a pure P Orbital are trying to distance themselves from electrons in another P Orbital And From electrons in an S Orbital, the resulting shape may not be symmetrical because S Orbitals are different from P Orbitals. But if all these electrons occupied identical hybrid orbitals (each orbital a little bit S And a little bit P), Then the resulting shape is more likely to be symmetrical.

Real molecules have all sorts of symmetrical shapes that just don’t make sense if electrons truly occupy only "pure" orbitals (like s and P). The "mixing" of pure orbitals into hybrids allows chemists to explain the symmetrical shapes of real molecules with VSEPR theory. This kind of mixing must in some sense actually occur, as the case of methane, CH4, makes clear.

The shape of methane, confirmed by experiment, is tetrahedral. The four C-H bonds of methane are of equal strength and are equidistant from each other. Now compare that description with the electron configuration of carbon in Figure 5-12. Carbon contains a filled 1s orbital, but this is an inner-shell orbital, so it doesn’t impact the geometry of bonding. However, the valence shell of carbon contains one filled 2S Orbital, two half-filled 2P Orbitals, and one empty P Orbital (see Chapter 4 for more about these orbitals). Not the picture of equality. This configuration is inconsistent with the tetrahedral bonding geometry of carbon, making clear that the valence orbitals must hybridize.

—180°—

120°

In This Chapter

^ Discovering the origins of Nature Cure

^ Understanding disease according to Nature Cure

^ Getting to know Nature Cure diagnosis

^ Exploring Nature Cure therapies

^ Researching evidence that Nature Cure works

^ Locating Nature Cure programmes and practitioners

Ature Cure, also known as Natural Therapeutics or Natural Hygiene, dates back to the health wisdom of Hippocrates in ancient Greece. However, Nature Cure had its heyday from the late 19th to the mid-20th centuries and also led to the development of what is known today as naturopa-thy (for more about naturopathy have a look at Chapter 13).

In this chapter, I introduce you to some of the great Nature Cure pioneers and their simple but astoundingly effective cures using only water, air, sun, and natural foods.

You’ll find out about Nature Cure approaches that are still popular today and examine evidence for their effectiveness. I also give you some tips on where you can go to experience Nature Cure for yourself.

What Is Nature Cure?

The renowned practitioner Henry Lindlahr once described Nature Cure as ‘a complete revolution in the art and science of living’. He argued that it wasn’t

4

So much a system of medicine to be imposed on the body as a way of living healthily and ‘the application of common sense and reasoning to the solution of the problems of health, disease, and cure’.

Nature Cure involves methods for promoting health and preventing disease using natural resources such as water, sunlight, fresh air, and natural Dietetics (the use of unadulterated and fresh wholefoods). This approach to health also suggests that disease can be resolved without any need for drugs, surgery, pills, or potions. Instead, advocates of Nature Cure believe that by following a natural, healthy lifestyle with wholesome, fresh food, fresh water, plenty of exercise and fresh air, a calm and positive mind, and a moral and ethical mind-set, most ill health can be prevented or eased.

Nature Cure’s roots are in the keen observation and imitation of nature by ordinary people. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Nature Cure was heralded as a return to nature and even a ‘new gospel of health’. This approach was seen as an alternative to the somewhat primitive and barbaric medical practices of the time and as an antidote to ‘sinful’ habits such as drinking and smoking. One practitioner described Nature Cure as designed to ‘free humanity from the destructive influences of alcoholism, meat-eating, dope and tobacco habits, drug-poisoning, vaccination, surgical mutilation, vivisection, and other abuses practised in the name of science’!

Initially Nature Cure practitioners faced huge opposition from the medical establishment but gradually some doctors started to adopt their practices and took them on to greater prominence and acceptance, especially in the US, Europe, and India.

A (Very) Brief History of Nature Cure

The founder of Nature Cure was a farmer, Vincent Priessnitz, who lived in Grafenberg, in the Silesian mountains, then part of Austria, in the early 19th century. He became known as the ‘Water Doctor’ after developing cold water cures that were so successful people travelled from far and wide to receive them.

Priessnitz’s successful cures led eventually to the foundation of a large water cure Sanitarium (derived from the Latin Sanitas And meaning ‘a place dedicated to health’) in his home town. Treatments there involved cold water therapy, including immersion in natural streams; outdoor exercise; mountain air; and wholesome, simple country fare based on black bread, vegetables, and fresh milk from cows fed on nutritious mountain grasses.

Vincent Priessnitz once crushed his finger while working on his family’s small farm and spontaneously stuck it in a nearby cold stream. He was amazed at how this quickly relieved the pain and reduced the swelling and bruising. He remembered this when, in 1819, he was knocked down by a carriage and severely injured. His doctor told him he would not recover from his injuries, which included many broken ribs and damaged limbs. However, Priessnitz was determined to get well as his family depended on him to work the farm since his father had gone blind.

Treatment with hot compresses just increased his pain and discomfort so instead he made cold water compresses for his injuries and these brought immediate relief. To everyone’s surprise, with regular applications, he recovered quickly and was soon able to work the farm again.

Word soon spread about this cure and of Priessnitz’s cures for other local people. Before long both rich and poor were travelling from far and wide to be treated by him and he eventually devoted himself full-time to this work, building the first Water Cure Establishment in 1826.

Other great Nature Cure pioneers and their innovations, which are still in use today have included:

Johannes Schroth, An Austrian waggoner, famous for creating a ‘dry’ food diet and fasting regime known as the Schroth cure.

Father Sebastian Kneipp, A Bavarian Catholic priest, who devised herbal and water cures and therapeutic herbal teas.

Dr Heinrich Lahmann, A German physician, who devised outdoor exercise regimes and was one of the first to emphasise the importance of mineral intake and the dangers of eating excess salt.

I Ignaz Von Peckzely, A Hungarian doctor, who developed a form of eye diagnosis that later became iridology (for more about iridology, check out Chapter 13 on naturopathy).

I Louis Kuhne Who devised a method of facial diagnosis and a regime of sun, steam, water, and sitz baths (see the ‘Hydrotherapy’ section, later in this chapter, for more on these), together with a vegetarian diet.

Arnold Rickli Who advocated Heliotherapy (sunlight therapy) and created the first Light and Air Institution in Austria, in 1848.

I Dr James C. Jackson And Dr John H. Kellogg, Who spread Nature Cure ideas in the US and created the first breakfast cereals!

Dr James Caleb Jackson had his life and health saved by a Nature Cure practitioner and went on to found the Jackson Sanitarium in Dansville, New York, advocating ‘Health by Right Living’ – water, rest, exercise, diet, and psychotherapy. He also invented the first dry breakfast cereal, in 1863, called Granula and made from toasted, dried, and crumbled graham flour grains (a mixture of white flour, wheat bran, and wheat germ invented by Sylvester Graham), soaked overnight.

Dr John Harvey Kellogg set up Battle Creek Sanitarium, focusing on vegetarian diet, exercise,

And regular enemas, and his work was made into the film The Road to Wellville.

John Kellogg invented the cornflake and set up a wholegrain food company with his brother, Will. However, they later parted ways because Will wanted to add sugar to the cereal whereas John wanted to remain true to Nature Cure’s health food principles and avoid sugar. However it was Will’s sugar-coated cereal company that became the most successful and which survives as the global Kellogg’s food company today.

I Dr Henry Lindlahr, Whose Nature Cure books became bestsellers in the US and Europe and are still in print today.

I Stanley Lieff Who promoted Nature Cure through his Health for All magazine in the UK and opened a health farm in 1925 on the site of what is now the famous Champney’s health resort.

I Dr Alfred Vogel Who championed nature cures in Switzerland and whose remedies and health books are now sold all over the world. (You can read more about him in Chapter 13).

I Dr Bernard Jensen, Perhaps the most well-known and influential Nature Cure practitioner who popularised iridology, opened various Nature Cure Sanitariums and training institutions in the US from the 1950s, and authored over 200 natural healthcare publications. He lived healthily and actively to the age of 91.

Deciphering Disease in Nature Cure

According to Nature Cure, disease is due to violation of the laws of nature; that is, improper eating, drinking, working, resting, breathing, and thinking, as well as inappropriate moral, social, and sexual conduct.

People are said to violate these laws for four reasons:

I Indifference: We don’t care about eating the wrong things, avoiding exercise and the possible harmful effects on our body.

I Ignorance: We lack knowledge about the effects of poor diet, lack of exercise, immoral actions, and so on on the body, mind, and spirit.

I Self-indulgence: We’re concerned only with our immediate pleasure and satisfaction and don’t consider the long-term consequences.

I Lack of self-control: We simply don’t know when to say ‘enough’ and to stop drinking, eating, and so on.

Violation of these natural laws is thought to have three main effects on the body:

I Lowered vitality

I Abnormal composition of blood and other body fluids, including lymph (the nearly colourless fluid that bathes body cells and flows through the lymphatic vessels)

I Accumulation of waste matter, morbid materials, and poisons in the body, leading to disruption of normal functions

Acute disease Is seen as Nature’s attempt at cleansing and healing the body, and is described as a ‘healing crisis’, which the body can overcome if correct habits and lifestyle are adopted alongside Nature Cures.

Chronic disease Is where the body has gone beyond the point of ‘healing crisis’, and is thought to be associated with an over-accumulation of toxins and a level of dysfunction that causes significant damage to the body.

Diagnosis in Nature Cure

Nature Cure practitioners are interested in the study of the whole rather than just the parts, so they investigate the functioning of your whole body, mind, and emotions and not just your particular symptoms. They want to understand your overall lifestyle, habits, and mental attitude to understand how these are affecting your health. Diagnosis is made on the basis of some or all the following:

I Dietary analysis: The practitioner investigates what foods and beverages you eat and drink; how you prepare them; and where, when, and how you eat them.

In the US in the mid to late 19th century, some practitioners started to downplay the Nature Cure water cures and instead developed the Hygienic movement (the word comes from Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health). They were against the idea of seeking ‘cures’ and instead wanted to focus on the ‘scientific application of the principles of Nature in the preservation and restoration of health’. Natural hygienists, as they came to be known, don’t agree with the use of any remedies (including homeopathic remedies or herbs), manipulations or medicines (except for certain diseases such as diabetes),

Or surgery (except in the case of accidents and injuries). Instead, their emphasis is on educating patients in the correct use of food, fasting, water, air, light, exercise, rest, sleep, appropriate clothing and environment, and emotional health in order to provide the essentials for health.

Today natural hygiene’s main promoter has been Dr Herbert Shelton. Natural hygiene practitioners currently exist in the US, Australia, India, and the UK, and many are members of the International Natural Hygiene Society.

IU Questioning about lifestyle habits: The practitioner asks about your exercise, leisure, and sleep habits, as well as your exposure to fresh air and natural sunlight. Bowel habits will also be of interest!

I Face and tongue diagnosis: The practitioner analyses your facial patterns and expressions and your tongue to look for clues about the underlying causes of your disease. For example, a sallow, spotty skin and thickly coated tongue would be seen as a sign of accumulated waste matter in the intestines.

I Observation: The practitioner carefully observes your posture and gait to determine your overall structural balance and alignment, and may examine nails, skin and hair for signs of health.

I Iridology: The practitioner examines the iris of your eye using a special magnifying glass or eye inspection equipment to identify signs of imbalance or dysfunction.

I Manipulation: The practitioner moves your limbs and spine to test the range of movement of your joints and the alignment of your bones.

Restoring Health with Nature Cure

Nature Cure focuses on cleansing the body, removing accumulated waste matter and toxins, and improving overall vitality. Other important aims are to improve nutritional status through good eating practices and to ‘restore the spirit’ by boosting confidence, stimulating hope, and encouraging self-empowerment and self-help.

Nature Cure approaches, designed to awaken the body’s self-healing ability include:

Return to nature: Regular and appropriate eating, drinking, fasting, breathing, bathing, clothing, working, resting, sleeping, thinking, moral life, sexual life, and social life.

Elementary remedies: The use of water, air, and sunlight for their therapeutic benefits.

Natural remedies: The use of natural, nutrient-rich foods for health and healing, and sometimes also herbal and homeopathic remedies.

Mechanical remedies: Using exercise, massage, and manipulation therapy.

Mental and spiritual remedies: Relaxation, constructive thought, prayer, and meditation.

Nature Cure dietary therapy

Nature Cure recommends eating a simple, wholesome, unadulterated diet based on seasonal and fresh fruit and vegetables, lightly cooked, with the addition of protein from, for example, seeds, nuts, and whole grains. Here are some more specific Nature Cure recommendations for your diet:

Eat a vegetarian diet. This is strongly recommended because it is alkaline in nature and rich in mineral salts and fibre (the chewy bits in vegetables, fruit, and whole grains), thereby assisting elimination and cleansing of the body. Green, leafy, and juicy vegetables, such as lettuce and watercress, are regarded as especially beneficial.

Consume raw and living foods. These foods, such as sprouted grains, are packed with live enzymes and seen as especially nutritious.

Use simple dressings. Plain lemon juice or olive oil are preferred to sugary and salty salad dressings.

Consider milk. Milk, live yoghurt, whey products, and buttermilk were all originally recommended by Nature Cure practitioners (but not blue and other strong cheeses). Milk was seen as ‘the only perfect natural food combination in existence’ and was believed to be an ideal food for growth and repair. However, at that time milk came from grass-fed cattle living a natural existence in unspoilt meadows and on mountainsides. The animals weren’t fed artificial foodstuffs, nor kept indoors, nor given cocktails of antibiotics, growth hormones, and other drugs as they sometimes are today. In addition, the milk was unpasteurised and therefore contained many live enzymes and Pro-biotic bacteria (healthy bacteria for the intestines). It was therefore quite different from most milk on the market today.

Nowadays, Nature Cure practitioners are more likely to recommend plant milks such as oat, rice, soya, almond, and coconut milks instead of dairy milk, because they no longer consider dairy milk to be such a healthy food. This recommendation is partly because of concerns about modern dairy farming practices, as outlined above, and also because dairy intolerance now appears to be quite common, and in response to concerns about the possible links between dairy consumption and osteoporosis and certain cancers (for more on this read Professor Jane Plant’s excellent books Your Life in Your Hands: Understanding, Preventing and Overcoming Breast Cancer And Understanding, Preventing and Overcoming Osteoporosis (Virgin Books)).

Ditch the coffee, tea, alcohol, tobacco, and other stimulants. These are seen as toxic and fatiguing. Nature Cure advises replacing these with vegetable and fruit juices, herbal teas, dandelion coffee, and water. Fresh water plus lemon juice is regarded as the best drink for first thing in the morning, and prune or fig juice is recommended for sluggish bowels or constipation.

Stop the sugar. Sugar and artificial sweeteners are considered deadly and putrefying and to be avoided at all costs. Nature Cure recommends using raw, enzyme-rich honey, unrefined maple syrup, and fresh and dried fruits as natural sweeteners instead.

Take your grains whole. Because of the importance of chewing and saliva production and the higher levels of nutrients and fibre, whole grains (brown foods) are considered much better than refined white foods.

Go nuts! Nuts (used sparingly) and seeds provide good nutrition. Pulses (beans, lentils, and so on) can also be good but use them in moderation because too many can cause digestive gas.

Restrict your salt and pepper. Nature Cure practitioners recommend you add only vegetable or seaweed salts in cooking.

Avoid animal fats. Olives are much better for you than sausage fry-ups or burgers.

Eat organic. This advice is a recent addition. Nature Cure practitioners always recommend eating food that is as unadulterated as possible and pesticide-free.

Finding out about fasting

Fasting Isn’t so much about starving as about giving the digestive system a rest and cleansing the intestines of hardened waste matter that has built up over the years. In Nature Cure, fasts may be short (a day) or long (from several days to a few weeks). The length of time is never decided upon

Beforehand but adjusted according to your body’s reaction and how you feel. Sometimes certain foods or drink are included. In the case of long fasts, water, vegetable or fruit juice, or vegetable broths may be used, and regular enemas (the introduction of liquid into the bowels by means of a tube to cleanse them) are essential to aid the cleansing process.

Any sort of long fast needs always to be carried out under careful supervision from an experienced practitioner because fasting can be dangerous if done incorrectly. Never use fasting as a method of dieting.

The most important part of the fast is breaking it correctly. If you rush back to jam doughnuts, burgers, and beers, then all benefits from the fast are lost and you may experience harmful after-effects. Break the fast gradually, beginning with liquids (vegetable and fruit juices) followed by small amounts of easily digestible foods. At the end of a successful therapeutic fast, you feel renewed vigour and have loads of energy.

You can create your own hydrotherapy at home by making a warm, or cool, salt water bath.

For a warm-water bath, first fill your bath with warm water (37°C). Then add 300 to 1,000 grammes of salt rock crystals (available from health food shops) and dissolve. Next, drink a glass of water and then soak in the bath for up to 20 minutes. Do notexceed this time and don’t use any soap or shampoos. Then get out and allow your body to dry naturally or rub yourself dry with a small, coarse towel. Don’t apply any body creams or lotions. Drink another glass of water and then wrap yourself in a clean towel or cotton bathrobe and rest on your bed for 30 to 60 minutes. If necessary, cover up with blankets to keep warm.

Minerals and trace elements from the rock crystals are absorbed through your skin while you soak, and impurities are passed out of the body into the water and onto the towel. Wash your towel and clean the bath afterwards to

Remove these impurities. At the end of the bath, you may feel initial tiredness but this is soon replaced with renewed vigour after your rest.

Alternatively, you can do the same treatment using cool water. For this, first fill the bath a quarter full with hot water into which you dissolve the rock salts. Then fill the bath to the normal level with cool water and repeat as above.

It is essential you do not allow yourself to get chilled using the cool bath and do not stay in it for longer than 15 minutes at a time. If you feel chilled at any time, get out at once and wrap yourself in a warm towel. If you find the cool water bathing difficult, just start with short soaks of a few minutes and gradually build up to the full 15 minutes over time, as your body adjusts.

Cold water baths are not advised for young children, the frail, or the elderly, or for anyone with high blood pressure or heart or kidney problems.

Hydrotherapy: The wonders of water cure

Water has always been seen in Nature Cure as the most potent remedy for both cleansing and healing. Water treatments may be internal, as in enemas, where water is used to flush out the colon, or external in the form of baths, compresses, or jets.

The baths may be hot, warm, cool, or cold and may involve full body or only partial immersion as in hip baths, where only the hips are placed in water in a specially shaped bath, like a seat, or sitz baths where the hips are in one part of the bath with hot water while the feet are in the other part with cold water. You change positions several times to alternate the hot and cold water on the hips and feet.

You can make compresses by soaking a towel in hot or cold water and then wringing it out and placing it on the affected part of your body. Hot compresses dilate the blood vessels and increase circulation, easing stiffness, while cold compresses restrict blood flow and help to reduce swelling and inflammation.

High-powered water jets are sometimes used to stimulate circulation. I vividly remember experiencing the Scottish version of this when I stayed at Tyringham, the renowned and, sadly, now defunct Nature Cure and naturo-pathic centre in England. I was asked to stand naked in a tiled area with my back to the therapist and to grasp two metal rails on the walls. I soon found out why, for she proceeded to direct two jets of high-powered, ice-cold water all over the back of my body! The force of these icy jets simply took my breath away but afterwards I felt completely invigorated.

Electrotherapy

Some early Nature Cure practitioners, notably John Harvey Kellogg, Dr Otis Carroll, and Harold Dick, pioneered the use of Constitutional hydrotherapy, Which involves applying moist pads with a small electrical current to stimulate the skin while also using hot and cold water compresses.

Using an electrical current was found to produce much better results, in a shorter time, than spending two to four hours with alternating hot and cold baths, showers, or infusions, as was normal custom in Nature Cure clinics in the mid-1900s. Electrical stimulation was believed to increase white blood cell count, stimulate cellular activity, and facilitate elimination of toxins. This technique is now only practised by a few naturopaths.

To practise heliotherapy, find a quiet, secluded Avoid overexposure to the sun and don’t allow

Place, then remove your clothes. (You may wish your skin to burn. Sip cool water while resting

To wear a sun hat and swimwear to protect del- in shade. At the end of your sun bath, splash

Icate skin.) Next, expose your skin to sunlight for your body with cold water or take a cool shower.

5 to 10 minutes, then go in the shade for 30 min- Allow your skin to dry naturally or pat it dry. utes, and then repeat this sequence. This practice is known as Skin gymnastics.

Heliotherapy: The healing power of the sun

Nowadays we have become very cautious about sun exposure, with good reason, because we know much more about the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer and the risks of skin cancer. However, some controlled sunlight exposure is still important for everybody to allow the body to manufacture Vitamin D, essential for healthy, strong bones.

Nature Cure heliotherapy involves careful, limited skin exposure to the sun’s rays at times when they’re not at their peak (that is, avoiding the midday sun).

Heliotherapy not only encourages Vitamin D formation, it is also believed to stimulate circulation, increase oxygen metabolism in the skin cells, and help stop the spread of infections. (Exposing cuts or wounds to sunlight for short periods can also speed up healing.)

Air baths

The air bath was once described by Nature Cure practitioner Gordon Pitcairn-Knowles as ‘one of the best safeguards against the troubles that most commonly assail us’. Our skin can get very little air exposure during autumn and winter months, when we’re covered with layers of clothing, yet it still needs it.

Air baths are said to improve skin tone, stimulate circulation, improve temperature regulation, and increase your resistance to draughts, colds, and temperature changes.

To take an air bath, stand naked in a room at home or in your garden, and walk around exposing your skin to different air flows and temperatures. You can also do light exercises or skin brushing with a dry loofah or soft, natural bristle brush, from the feet up towards the heart, if you wish (for more about skin brushing, see the description in Chapter 13). Continue walking around for five to ten minutes but don’t let yourself get cold.

The best time to take an air bath is first thing in the morning upon waking. Air baths are also beneficial for the bed-ridden and can be performed by just pulling back the covers and turning onto front, back, and side positions.

At the end of the air bath, rub your body vigorously with your hands and then take a cool or warm shower and dress in comfortable clothing made from natural fibres.

Other Nature Cure therapies

A sampling of other Nature Cure therapies includes herbal and homeopathic remedies; gymnastics, massage, and manipulation; and self-care.

Herbal and homeopathic remedies

Many Nature Cure practitioners have also been trained in herbalism or homeopathy, so herbal and homeopathic remedies as well as biochemical tissue salts are often featured in Nature Cure programmes.

Gymnastics, massage, and manipulation

Many early Nature Cure practitioners also trained in osteopathy or chiroprac-tics, so some of these therapies’ manipulations and massage treatments are often incorporated into Nature Cure (for more about these treatments, see Chapters 14 and 15 on osteopathy and chiropractics).

Self-care in Nature Cure

Nature Cure recommends keeping regular hours for sleep, with the hours between 10 p. m. and 2 a. m. being regarded as the most important. Old Nature Cure books say these hours are significant because the earth is farthest from the sun at this time. Breathing exercises, wearing clothes made from natural fibres, positive thinking, prayer, meditation, and moderate social and sexual activity are all seen as important, too.

A German physician trained in homeopathy, Wilhelm Schussler came up with the idea toward the end of the 19th century that 12 tissue salts formed the basis of all cellular activity in the body. He disregarded the hundred or so homeopathic remedies already created by that time by Dr Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, and instead claimed that his 12 homeopathically prepared tissue salts were all that the body required for healing.

His 12 salts are available in tablet form over the counter in health food shops and chemists and can be taken singly or in combination, according to the ailment. The 12 salts are:

U Calcarea phosphorica: Made from calcium phosphate

U Calcarea sulphurica: Made from calcium sulphate

U Ferrum phosphoricum: Made from iron phosphate

U Silicea: Made from silicon dioxide

U Chloride of potassium: Made from potassium chloride

U Kali phosphoricum: Made from potassium phosphate

U Kali sulphuricum: Made from potassium sulphate

U Magnesia phosphorica: Made from magnesium phosphate

U Calcarea fluorica: Made from calcium fluoride

*u Natrum muriaticum: Made from sodium chloride (table salt)

U Natrum phosphoricum: Made from sodium phosphate

U Natrum sulphuricum: Made from sodium sulphate

Finding Out if Mature Cure Works

Most of the evidence to support Nature Cure is anecdotal, based on all the cures apparently achieved in Nature Cure sanitariums during the hundreds of years that they’ve been operating. Little modern research has focused on Nature Cure therapies other than hydrotherapy. Some studies appear to confirm the benefits of hot and cold water treatments for conditions such as varicose veins and arthritis. Hydrotherapy has also been shown to be useful in the treatment of sports injuries.

Modern day research on Vitamin D has confirmed that a minimum of 15 to 20 minutes exposure to moderate sunlight is essential to stimulate Vitamin D production in the body; this vitamin plays a role in ensuring strong and healthy bones. These findings appear to support the Nature Cure advocacy of heliotherapy (controlled sun exposure).

Modern nutritional research also supports many of the concepts underlying Nature Cure’s dietary approach, with its emphasis on an essentially natural

Diet of whole grains, fresh fruit, and vegetables. This approach to diet can be translated today as recommendations for additive-free, unprocessed, and organic food, and we now know that whole grains are much richer in essential B vitamins, fibre, and other nutrients than their refined equivalents.

Other Nature Cure approaches, such as fasting and enemas, lack a scientific evidence base and many medics do not support their use.

Deciding When to Use Nature Therapies

Nature Cure has traditionally been seen as especially beneficial for joint, digestive, circulatory and respiratory disorders, weight problems, and skin diseases, and is widely used for these conditions in modern Nature Clinics in Europe and India. However, little research proves the effectiveness of Nature Cure approaches for these conditions.

Only practise certain Nature Cure techniques, such as fasting and enemas, under the careful supervision of a Nature Cure practitioner, naturopath, or trained staff at a Nature Cure establishment.

Finding a Practitioner of Nature Cure

Many practitioners of Nature Cure now call themselves naturopaths and are members of naturopathic professional bodies (go to the end of Chapter 13 to see a list of these and how to find a naturopath).

Natural hygienists can be located via the International Natural Hygiene Society (INHS) at Www. naturalhygienesociety. org. Many of these practitioners also offer fasting retreats.

One of the best ways to experience Nature Cure is to visit a Nature Cure establishment. These exist in Europe, the US, India, and Australasia and you can locate them via the Internet.

My own personal favourites are Elaine Bruce’s Living Foods Centre in the UK (Www. livingfoods. co. uk) and The Ann Wigmore Natural Health Institute in Puerto Rico (Www. annwigmore. org), which run on Nature Cure principles. I have also visited the fantastic Viva Mayr Centre in Austria (Www. viva-Mayr. com). In the US I have heard good reports about the Arthritis Nature Cure Centre in Colorado, (Www. arthritis-nature-cure. com) although I have never visited it myself.

Part III